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GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY - "Last of the Neanderthals" by Stephen Hall

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ANT 101 - 001

12/11/2019

Last of the Neanderthals

This article "Last of the Neanderthals" was written by Stephan Hall. The general summary of

this article includes information, comments and analyzes on the Neanderthals, where they came from, how they led their lives, ways of life, eating habits, social interactions among themselves, and how they disappeared. In March 1994 the remains of neanderthals were found in northern Spain. When these remains were first discovered, it was thought that there were people who were killed in the past by those who ruled the dictatorial regime. However, as a result of the examination of the remains at the Institute of Pathology, it was found that these remains were bones dating back 43,000 years.

The closest relatives of modern-day people are claimed to be Neanderthals by scientists. The regions where Neanderthals remains are found in Europe are generally found to be places where climatic conditions are not difficult. According to this result, Neanderthals seem to move according to climatic conditions. A detailed examination of the remains of the Neanderthals revealed that there were signs of nutritional stress in the bones. In addition, there are deep traces showing that it was made with stone tools on the bones. This means that they are fed from each other. In other words, it shows that they were inadequate in finding food sources before they died. In addition, as a result of the investigations, it was understood that the archaeological discoveries that they shared a period of 45.000 and 30.000 years with the great modern human migrants in Africa.

In the debates in the world of science, the question of which of these two species originated from today's people. However, as a result of DNA analysis made between modern human immigrants from Africa and Neanderthals, geographical and evolutionary results have been obtained with different ancestors. This has caused tremendous confusion. Then how did the Neanderthals disappear? What is the origin of modern man today? It has raised many questions like this. Moreover, the possibility of these two species being intertwined has disappeared. Because Neanderthals leave mitochondrial DNA traces is extremely rare. According to this conclusion is the fact that African modern human migrants and Neanderthals are two completely different species. However, since these two species live in the same region, it may have led to the possibility of reproduction from each other. Who knows, perhaps we are a new species that emerges from the mating of these two species. As a result of the investigations on the Neanderthals remains, it was understood that they have the ability to voice similar to today's people based on genetic findings.

Neanderthals and modern human DNA have been found to be more similar and closer than chimpanzee DNA. As a result of the investigations, scientists claimed that the DNA of Neanderthals and the DNA of Modern human beings are very close to each other. However, it is explained that the differences in the small percentage in the DNA sequence began to be separated 700,000 years ago. According to research on how the Neanderthals suddenly disappeared, it was about whether they reached maturity at an early age. It is thought that if they did, they might have effects on brain development and thus they might have disappeared. Therefore, dental examinations were made about the evolution of Neanderthals. Little is known about their environmental impact and their lives on their teeth. It is understood that a more detailed analysis is needed for further information.

Neanderthals understood that women, children always hunt prey. Neanderthal women are estimated to have a strong and flexible structure. Neanderthals were found to need more calories in their bodies during cold climates. Some scientists claim that the Neanderthals disappeared due to harsh climate consequences. This possibility seems possible. There is the reality that climatic disasters have been experienced in the past centuries. However, as the result of the sudden disappearance of the Neanderthals in the regions they live in, it is thought that the immigrants of Africa took the place. As a result, the domination of a new species and the new world order began.

                                                           Written by Erdogan Akbiyik

http://erdoganakbiyik.blogspot.com/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDsUnmBfVdEPkcC8FlzPKcg

GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY - "The Great Human Migration" by Guy Gugliotta

Topic: What are the differences between Neandertals and A.M.H.s.? What are the Multi-regional and Out of Africa models? Explain the DNA evidence. When did humans leave Africa? When did they arrive in Europe?

ANT 101 - 001

12/09/2019

The Great Human Migration

This article "The Great Human Migration" was written by Guy Gugliotta. In this article, it describes the migration of people from Africa to other places, the formation of different human species, the changing of the natural environment and the onset of human superiority on earth. Gugliotta claims that people migrated from the African continent some 80,000 years ago.

Gugliotta talks about the differences between Neandertals and Modern Homo Sapiens. Gugliotta mentions that the skulls of Neandertals and A.M.H.S. are different from each other. He also mentions that their weapons and tools are very different. Neanderthals also mention that they buried their dead, made ornaments and drew cave paintings. In the 20th century, two hypotheses were put forward in the study of human roots. The first is that a human ancestor species is scattered all over the world and that modern man evolved from this species. The non-African theory is that the human ancestor species evolved in the region they lived before migrating out of Africa. DNA studies of people have been done. Scientists show that a shorter DNA strand found in mitochondria is hereditary only from the mother. Scientists say that every human being studied from about 200,000 years to the present day has seen hereditary source of the same woman. This is the woman today called "Eve". However, scientists call it our last common ancestor.

Gugliotta claims that migration to Europe is between 35,000 and 40,000 years. There are chapters in human history that have too many gaps. It's really hard for us to know exactly what these are. However, no matter how many discoveries and investigations have been made about the division of humans into species and sections, it is probably the only thing that seems to be that we all come from Africa.

                                                   Written by Erdogan Akbiyik

http://erdoganakbiyik.blogspot.com/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDsUnmBfVdEPkcC8FlzPKcg

GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY - "Cooking Up Bigger Brains" by Rachael Gorman

Topic: According to Wrangham, what was the importance of cooking food? How does it change the nutritional value of food? How did cooking potentially influence the evolution of the brain? Are there any challenges to this idea?

ANT 101 - 001

12/06/2019

Cooking Up Bigger Brains

The article "Cooking Up Bigger Brains" written by Rachael Gorman. Harvard University biology anthropologist Richard Wrangham claims that our ancestors do not always eat raw food. Wrangham researched the fruits that monkeys eat and the same fruits that people can survive. However, his conclusion is that people cannot have enough calories and body fitness by eating only fruits. Wrangham claimed that it was impossible to live like this for a long time. That is why Wrangham believed that people should eat cooked food. Because Wrangham says that high calorie and energy needs can only be achieved with cooked food. In addition, cooked food leads to bigger bodies and brains.

Wrangham began research in this direction. First, Wrangham began to investigate our ancestors in the past. Wrangham understood that Homo Erectus's tooth structures and brain structures had a brain and smaller teeth that were 50% larger than the homo habilis, the previous humanoid species. Wrangham did not find a clue that researches of past people eat raw meat. Wrangham concluded that our ancestors' body was more suitable for cooked meat. Because cooked meat provides very high calories. Raw meat does not provide this high calorie. When Wrangham examined the species of wood found in the remains of a homo erectus dating back 1.6 million years, he found evidence of burned wood.

Wrangham claims that even if the scientific world has not been able to accept this, homo erectus are fed with cooked meat as a result of examination of the body structures and organs. Perhaps it is a homo erectus that has eaten the burnt parts of a flaming tree as a result of a lightning strike. However, according to Wrangham, he believes that homo erectus feeds on cooked food. But, when this is proved in the scientific world, it will show that humanity has cooked and eaten even a long time ago.

                                                    Written by Erdogan Akbiyik

http://erdoganakbiyik.blogspot.com/

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDsUnmBfVdEPkcC8FlzPKcg